Washington University School of Medicine

Research Publications

Development of the PSYCHS: Positive SYmptoms and Diagnostic Criteria for the CAARMS Harmonized with the SIPS. Woods SW, Parker S, Kerr MJ, Walsh BC, Wijtenburg SA, Prunier N, Nunez AR, Buccilli K, Mourgues-Codern C, Brummitt K, Kinney KS, Trankler C, Szacilo J, Colton BL, Ali M, Haidar A, Billah T, Huynh K, Ahmed U, Adery LL, Corcoran CM, Perkins DO, Schiffman J, Perez J, Mamah D, Ellman LM, Powers AR, Coleman MJ, Anticevic A, Fusar-Poli P, Kane JM, Kahn RS, McGorry PD, Bearden CE, Shenton ME, Nelson B, Calkins ME, Hendricks L, Bouix S, Addington J, McGlashan TH, Yung AR; Accelerating Medicines Partnership Schizophrenia; AMP SCZ Working Group and Subgroup leaders (not previously listed):; Allott K, Clark SR, Kapur T, Lavoie S, Lewandowski KE, Mathalon DH, Pasternak O, Stone WS, Torous J; National Institute of Mental Health Project Scientists:; Rowland LM, Zhan M; Research Network and DPACC Investigators (not previously listed):; Amminger P, Arango C, Broome MR, Cadenhead KS, Chen EYH, Choi J, Kevin Cho KI, Conus P, Cornblatt BA, Glenthøj LB, Horton LE, Kambeitz J, Keshavan MS, Koutsouleris N, Langbein K, Diaz-Caneja CM, Mittal VA, Nordentoft M, Gaspar Ramos PA, Pearlson GD, Shah JL, Smesny S, Strauss GP, Wang J; Study Coordinators and Project Managers (not previously listed):; Marc…

Students stress patterns in a Kenyan socio-cultural and economic context: toward a public health intervention. Mutiso VN, Ndetei DM, Muia EN, Musyimi C, Masake M, Osborn TL, Sourander A, Weisz JR, Mamah D.Sci Rep. 2023 Jan 11;13(1):580. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27608-1.

The co-morbidity of DSM-V Gambling with DSM-V mental disorders and substance abuse in a Kenyan context of high risk schizophrenia. Ndetei DM, Mutiso V, Momanyi R, Nyamai P, Musyimi C, Mamah D.BMC Psychiatry. 2023 Apr 10;23(1):239. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04738-4.

A Review of Potential Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Schizophrenia-Risk. Mamah D.J Psychiatr Brain Sci. 2023;8(2):e230005. doi: 10.20900/jpbs.20230005. Epub 2023 May 26.

Evaluating Brain Damage in Multiple Sclerosis with Simultaneous Multi-Angular-Relaxometry of Tissue
Xiang B, Wen J, Schmidt RE, Sukstanskii AL, Mamah D, Yablonskiy DA, Cross AH. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. (In press).

Socio-demographic, economic and mental health problems were risk factors for suicidal ideation among Kenyan students aged 15 plus.
Ndetei DM, Mutiso VN, Weisz JR, Okoth CA, Musyimi C, Muia EN, Osborn TL, Sourander A, Wasserman D, Mamah D. J Affect Disord. 2022 Apr 1;302:74-82.

Prevalence and perception of substance abuse and associated economic indicators and mental health disorders in a large cohort of Kenyan students: towards integrated public health approach and clinical management.
Mutiso VN, Ndetei DM, N Muia E, Musyimi C, Osborn TL, Kasike R, Onsinyo L, Mbijjiwe J, Karambu P, Sounders A, Weisz JR, Swahn MH, Mamah D. BMC Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 17;22(1):191.

The prevalance of binge eating disorder and associated psychiatric and substance use disorders in a student population in Kenya - towards a public health approach.
Mutiso VN, Ndetei DM, N Muia E, K Alietsi R, Onsinyo L, Kameti F, Masake M, Musyimi C, Mamah D. BMC Psychiatry. 2022 Feb 16;22(1):122.

Longitudinal and cross-sectional validation of the WERCAP screen for assessing psychosis risk and conversion
Mamah, D, Mutiso, VN, Ndetei DM. Schizophrenia Research. 2022 Feb 7;241:201-209.

A population-based survey of autistic traits in Kenyan adolescents and young adults
Mamah, D, Mutiso, VN, Gitonga, I, Tele, A, Ndetei DM. South African Journal of Psychiatry. 2022 Feb 14.

Basal ganglia shape features differentiate schizoaffective disorder from schizophrenia
Cobia D, Rich C, Smith MJ, Mamah D, Csernansky JG, Wang K. Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging. 2021 Nov 30;317:111352.

Neurocognition in Kenyan youth at clinical high risk for psychosis.
Mamah D, Mutiso VN, Ndetei DM.Schizophr Res Cogn. 2021 May

Full speed ahead on indicated prevention of psychosis.
Woods SW, Choi J, Mamah D. World Psychiatry. 2021 Jun;20(2):223-224.

Psychotic-like experiences among 9,564 Kenyan adolescents and young adults.
Mamah D, Mutiso VN, Ndetei DM.Psychiatry Res. 2021 May

Daniel Mamah, C Robert Cloninger, Victoria N Mutiso, Isaiah Gitonga, Albert Tele, David M Ndetei. Personality Traits as Markers of Psychosis Risk in Kenya: Assessment of Temperament and Character. Schizophrenia Bulletin Open. 2020 Sept 19.
https://academic.oup.com/schizbullopen/advance-article/doi/10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa051/5908824

Duan J, Xia M, Womer FY, Chang M, Yin Z, Zhou Q, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Jiang X, Wei S, Anthony O’Neill F, He Y, Tang Y, Wang F. Dynamic changes of functional segregation and integration in vulnerability and resilience to schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019 May;40(7):2200-2211
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30648317

Zhu Y, Womer FY, Leng H, Chang M, Yin Z, Wei Y, Zhou Q, Fu S, Deng X, Lv J, Song Y, Ma Y, Sun X, Bao J, Wei S, Jiang X, Tan S, Tang Y, Wang F. The Relationship Between Cognitive Dysfunction and Symptom Dimensions Across Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2019 Apr 26;10:253. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00253. eCollection 2019.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31105603

Xia M, Womer FY, Chang M, Zhu Y, Zhou Q, Edmiston EK, Jiang X, Wei S, Duan J, Xu K, Tang Y, He Y, Wang F. Shared and Distinct Functional Architectures of Brain Networks Across Psychiatric Disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2019 Mar 7;45(2):450-463.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29897593

Oluwoye O, Stiles B, Monroe-DeVita M, Chwastiak L, McClellan JM, Dyck D, Cabassa LJ, McDonell MG. Racial-Ethnic Disparities in First-Episode Psychosis Treatment Outcomes From the RAISE-ETP Study. Psychiatr Serv. 2018 Nov 1;69(11):1138-1145. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201800067. Epub 2018 Aug 28.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30152275

Owoso A, Jansen S, Ndetei DM, Musau A, Mutiso VN, Mudenge C, Ngirababyeyi A, Gasovya A, Mamah D. A comparative study of psychotic and affective symptoms in Rwandan and Kenyan students. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2018 Apr;27(2):157-168
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122655

Wei Y, Chang M, Womer FY, Zhou Q, Yin Z, Wei S, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Yao X, Duan J, Xu K, Zuo XN, Tang Y, Wang F. Local functional connectivity alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2018 Aug 15;236:266-273. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.069. Epub 2018 Apr 10.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/297512242

Cabassa LJ, Piscitelli S, Haselden M, Lee RJ, Essock SM, Dixon LB. Understanding Pathways to Care of Individuals Entering a Specialized Early Intervention Service for First-Episode Psychosis. Psychiatr Serv. 2018 Jun 1;69(6):648-656. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201700018. Epub 2018 Mar 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29493414

Ayub, S, Ramtekkar, UP, Reiersen, AM. Use of antipsychotic drugs for psychotic disorders in children. Curr Treat Options Psych (2018) 5:30-55.
https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s40501-018-0137-1

Godwin D, Ji A, Kandala S, Mamah D. Functional connectivity of cognitive brain networks in schizophrenia during a working memory task. Front Psychiatry. 2017 Dec 22; 8:294.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312020

Zhou Y, Liu J, Driesen N, Womer F, Chen K, Wang Y, Jiang X, Zhou Q, Bai C, Wang D, Tang Y, Wang F. White Matter Integrity in Genetic High-Risk Individuals and First Episode Schizophrenia Patients: Similarities and Disassociations. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3107845. doi: 10.1155/2017/3107845. Epub 2017 Mar 19.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28401151

Wei S, Womer F, Geng H, Jiang X, Zhou Q, Chang M, Zhou Y, Tang Y, Wang F. Similarities and differences of functional connectivity in drug-naïve, first-episode adolescent and young adult with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 13;7:44316. doi: 10.1038/srep44316.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28287187

Ji A, Godwin D, Rutlin J, Kandala S, Shimony JS, (2017). Tract-based analysis of white matter integrity in psychotic and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017 Feb; 209:124-134
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312020

Li J, Tang Y, Womer F, Fan G, Zhou Q, Sun W, Xu K, Wang F. Two patterns of anterior insular cortex functional connectivity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2018;19(sup3):S115-S123. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1274051. Epub 2017 Jan 23.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28112029

Chang M, Womer FY, Bai C, Zhou Q, Wei S, Jiang X, Geng H, Zhou Y, Tang Y, Wang F. Correction: Voxel-Based Morphometry in Individuals at Genetic High Risk for Schizophrenia and Patients with Schizophrenia during Their First Episode of Psychosis. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 9;12(1):e0170146. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170146. eCollection 2017.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28068398

Cabassa LJ, Lewis-Fernández R, Wang S, Blanco C. Cardiovascular disease and psychiatric disorders among Latinos in the United States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017 Jul;52(7):837-846. doi: 10.1007/s00127-016-1325-1. Epub 2017 Jan 6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28062923

Hsieh CJ, Godwin D, Mamah D. Utility of Washington Early Recognition Center self-report screening questionnaires in the assessment of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2016 Aug 26;7:149
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27616996

Mamah D, Musau A, Mutiso VN, Owoso A, Abdallah AB, Cottler LB, Striley CW, Walker EF, Ndetei DM. Characterizing psychosis risk traits in Africa: A longitudinal study of Kenyan adolescents. Schizophr Res. 2016 Oct;176(2-3):340-348.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27522263

Reiersen AM. Collection of developmental history in the evaluation of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol. 2016;4(1):36-43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27294074

Mamah D, Alpert KI, Barch DM, Csernansky JG, Wang L. Subcortical neuromorphometry in schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders. Neuroimage Clin. 2016 Feb 23;11:276-86.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26977397

Mamah D, Wen J, Luo J, Ulrich X, Barch DM, Yablonskiy D. Subcomponents of brain T2* relaxation in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and siblings: A Gradient Echo Plural Contrast Imaging (GEPCI) study. Schizophr Res. 2015 Dec;169(1-3):36-45.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26603058

Arnedo J, Mamah D, Baranger DA, Harms MP, Barch DM, Svrakic DM, de Erausquin GA, Cloninger CR, Zwir I. Decomposition of brain diffusion imaging data uncovers latent schizophrenias with distinct patterns of white matter anisotropy. Neuroimage. 2015 Oct 15;120:43-54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26151103

Mamah D, Owoso A, Sheffield J, Bayer C. The WERCAP Screen and the WERC Stress Screen: psychometrics of self-rated instruments for assessing bipolar and psychotic disorder risk and perceived stress burden. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2014 Oct 55(7):1757-1771
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X14001734

Womer FY, Wang L, Alpert KI, Smith MJ, Csernansky JG, Barch DM, Mamah D. Basal ganglia and thalamic morphology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2014 Aug 30; 223(2): 75-83.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24957866

Smith MJ, Wang L, Alpert K, Cobia D, Cronenwett W, Goldman M, Mamah D, Barch DM, Breiter HC, Csernansky JG. Cannabis-related working memory deficits and associated subcortical morphological differences in healthy individuals and schizophrenia subjects. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2014 Mar;40(2):287-99.
http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/12/10/schbul.sbt176.full

Liu H, Tang Y, Womer F, Fan G, Lu T, Driesen N, Ren L, Wang Y, He Y, Blumberg HP, Xu K, Wang F. Differentiating patterns of amygdala-frontal functional connectivity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Bull. 2014 Mar;40(2):469-77
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599250

Owoso A, Ndetei DM, Mbwayo AW, Mutiso VN, Khasakhala LI, Mamah D. Validation of a modified version of the PRIME screen for psychosis-risk symptoms in a non-clinical Kenyan youth sample. Compr Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;55(2):380-7.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X13002897

Carliner H, Collins PY, Cabassa LJ, McNallen A, Joestl SS, Lewis-Fernández R. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among racial and ethnic minorities with schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders: a critical literature review. Compr Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;55(2):233-47. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.09.009. Epub 2013 Oct 22.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24269193

Mamah D, Barch DM, Repovs G. Resting state functional connectivity of five neural networks in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Affect Disorders 2013 Sep 5;150(2):601-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749249/

Mamah D, Striley CS, Ndetei DM, Mbwayo AW, Mutiso VN, Khasakhala LI, Cottler LB. Knowledge of psychiatric terms and concepts among Kenyan youth: analysis of focus group discussions. Transcultural Psychiatry 2013 Aug;50(4):515-31.
http://tps.sagepub.com/content/50/4/515.long

Devylder JE, Oh HY, Yang LH, Cabassa LJ, Chen FP, Lukens EP. Acculturative stress and psychotic-like experiences among Asian and Latino immigrants to the United States. Schizophr Res. 2013 Oct;150(1):223-8. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.040. Epub 2013 Aug 7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23932446

Mamah D, Owoso A, Mbwayo AW, Mutiso VN, Muriungi SK, Khasakhala LI, Barch DM. Classes of psychotic experiences in Kenyan children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2013;Jun;44(3):452-9.
http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/562/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10578-012-0339-5.pdf?auth66=1397760345_275a201692177829bc81f79a94317b0b&ext=.pdf

Mamah D, Harms MP, Barch D, Styner M, Lieberman JA, Wang L. Hippocampal shape and volume changes with antipsychotics in early stage psychotic illness. Front Psychiatry 2012;3:96.
http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00096

Kaushik G, Plax KL, Barch DM, Lewis LE, Mamah D. Mental health care utilization and psychiatric profiles at a free drop-in youth center in St. Louis, Missouri. Missouri Medicine 2012 Nov-Dec;109(6):475-81.
http://www.omagdigital.com/article/Mental_Health_Care_Utilization_at_a_Free_Drop-in_Youth_Center_in_St._Louis,_Missouri/1274152/140337/article.html

Bou Khalil R, Rohayem J, Abou Said N, El Chammay R, Haddad R, Richa S. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Lebanese patients with schizophrenia receiving atypical antipsychotic drugs. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013 Feb;6(1):88-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2012.08.005. Epub 2012 Aug 29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380330

Mamah D, Mbwayo A, Mutiso V, Barch DM, Constantino JN, Nsofor T, Khasakhala L, Ndetei DM. A survey of psychosis-risk symptoms in Kenya. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2012 Jul; 53 (5):516-24.
http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/9/5/1748/pdf

Gohlke JM, Dhurandhar EJ, Correll CU, Morrato EH, Newcomer JW, Remington G, Nasrallah HA, Crystal S, Nicol G; Adipogenic and Metabolic Effects of APDs Conference Speakers, Allison DB. Recent advances in understanding and mitigating adipogenic and metabolic effects of antipsychotic drugs. Front Psychiatry. 2012 Jun 28;3:62. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00062. eCollection 2012.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27754543

Ndetei DM, Muriungi SK, Owoso A, Mutiso VN, Mbwayo AW, Khasakhala LI, Barch DM, Mamah D. Prevalence and characteristics of psychotic-like experiences in Kenyan youth. Psychiatr Research 2012 Apr 30;196(3-3):235-42.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016517811200011X

Mukherji EH, Bauer LK, Leskov I, Januzzi JL, Tanev KS. Safety of antipsychotics in the setting of QTc prolongation: the utility of the JT index. Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Sep;168(9):990-1. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10121734.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21890808

Benítez BA, Belálcazar HM, Anastasía A, Mamah DT, Zorumski CF, Mascó DH, Herrera DG, de Erausquin GA. Functional reduction of SK3-mediated currents precedes AMPA-receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons. Neuropharmacology. 2011 Jun;60(7-8):1176-86.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390810002947

Smith MJ, Wang L, Cronenwett W, Mamah D, Barch DM, Csernansky JG. Thalamic morphology in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2011 Mar;45(3):378-85.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002239561000244X

Mamah D, Conturo TE, Harms MP, Akbudak E, Wang L, McMichael AR, Gado MH, Barch DM, Csernansky JG. Anterior thalamic radiation integrity in schizophrenia: a diffusion-tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2010;183(2):144-50.
http://ccpweb.wustl.edu/pdfs/mamah2010pr
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3887223/?tool=pubmed&email=info%40usmleworld.com

Mamah D, Wang L, Csernansky JG, Rice JP, Smith M, Barch DM. Morphometry of the hippocampus and amygdala in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord 2010;12(3):341-3.
http://ccpweb.wustl.edu/pdfs/mamah2010bi%3Aschiz.pdf

Wang L, Mamah D, Harms MP, Karnik M, Price JL, Gado MH, Thompson PA, Barch DM, Miller MI, Csernansky JG. Progressive deformation of deep brain nuclei and hippocampal-amygdala formation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 64(12):1060-8.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322308009669

Smith MJ, Barch DM, Wolf TJ, Mamah D, Csernansky JG. Elevated rates of substance use disorders in non-psychotic siblings of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008; 106(2-3):294-9.
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2627404?pdf=render

Nicol G, Newcomer J. Review: children and adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders respond to antipsychotics, but are susceptible to adverse events. Evid Based Ment Health. 2008 Aug;11(3):81. doi: 10.1136/ebmh.11.3.81.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669683

Mamah D, Harms MP, Wang L, Barch D, Thompson P, Kim J, Miller MI, Csernansky JG. Basal ganglia shape abnormalities in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Jul 15;64(2):111-20.
http://ccpweb.wustl.edu/pdfs/Barch2008BasalGangliaShapeAbnormalities.pdf
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2486271?pdf=render

Harms MP, Wang L, Mamah D, Barch DM, Thompson PA, Csernansky JG. Thalamic shape abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia and their nonpsychotic siblings. J Neurosci. 2007; 27(50):13835-42.
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/50/13835.full.pdf+html

Mamah D, Wang L, Barch D, de Erausquin GA, Gado M, Csernansky JG. Structural analysis of the basal ganglia in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 2007; 89: 59-71.
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC1839817?pdf=render

Mamah D, Lammle M, Isenberg KE. Pulmonary embolism after ECT. J ECT. 2005 Mar;21(1):39-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15791176

Mamah D, Hong BA, Chapman WC. Liver transplantation in a patient with undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Transplant Proc. 2004 Nov;36(9):2717-9.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041134504011704

Stiffman AR, Pescosolido B, Cabassa LJ. Building a model to understand youth service access: the gateway provider model. Ment Health Serv Res. 2004 Dec; 6(4): 189–198.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15588030

de Erausquin GA, Hyrc K, Dorsey DA, Mamah D, Dokucu M, Mascó DH, Walton T, Dikranian K, Soriano M, García Verdugo JM, Goldberg MP, Dugan LL. Nuclear translocation of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors leads to transcription of p53 and cell death in dopaminergic neurons. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Apr;63(4):784-90.
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/63/4/784.full.pdf+html